Basic Knowledge of CNC Machines

Numerical control (NC) is the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to controlled manually via handwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing tools that were modified with motors that moved the controls to follow points fed into the system on punched tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools that have revolutionized the machining processes.

In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular machine via a postprocessor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component might require the use of a number of different tools—drills, saws, etc., modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell".

CNC machine tools are generally composed by the following precision machined parts: 1. Host machine. This is the subject of CNC machine tools, including the mechanical parts of the machine itself, column, spindle, and feed mechanism. It is used to complete a variety of machining mechanical parts. 2. CNC devices. It is the core of CNC machine including the hardware (printed circuit boards, CRT monitors, key boxes, paper tape reader, etc.) as well as the software which is used to enter the number of the part program, complete the input information storage, data transformation, interpolation computation, and achieve a variety of control functions. 3. Driving parts. It is the drive of the CNC machine actuator including the spindle drive unit, the feed unit, the spindle motor, the feed motor, etc. Under the control of the NC device, by electrical or electro-hydraulic servo system, the spindle and feed drive. When several feeds are linked, positioning, line, plane curves and space curves can be processed. You can get custom machined parts as well. 4. Auxiliary device. It means some necessary supporting parts to guarantee the operation of CNC machine, such as cooling, chip removal, lubrication, lighting, monitoring, etc. It includes hydraulic and pneumatic devices, chip conveyor, exchange table, CNC rotary table and CNC dividing head, tools and surveillance detection devices. 5. Programming and other ancillary equipment. They are available to program and storage the outside parts of machine.

CNC Tools include: Drills, EDMs, Lathes, Milling machines, Wood routers, Sheet metal works (Turret Punch), Wire bending machines, Hot-wire foam cutters, Plasma cutters, Water jet cutters, Laser cutting, Oxy-fuel, Surface grinders, Cylindrical grinders, 3D Printing, Induction hardening machines, and so on.

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